Η ικανότητα  διάκρισης των καρκινικών κυττάρων από τα φυσιολογικά επιθηλιακά κύτταρα με το  μικροσκόπιο είναι θεμελιώδης για την κυτταρολογική διάγνωση. Τα κύρια  μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα που διακρίνουν τα καλοήθη από τα κακοήθη  επιθηλιακά κύτταρα συνοψίζονται στον πίνακα παρακάτω.
      
        
          |   | 
          Benign Cells  | 
          Cancer Cells  | 
        
        
          | Cell size and shape | 
          Within physiological limits reflecting normal cell division and maturation of the epithelium  | 
          Variation in  size and shape reflecting abnormal cell division and maturation.  | 
        
        
          | Nuclear size | 
          Within normal limits reflecting normal cell division and maturation | 
          Significant variation in  nuclear  size 
(anisonucleosis) reflecting abnormal cell division and maturation. .  | 
        
        
          | Nuclear shape  | 
          Generally round, oval or bean shaped | 
          Abnormal shape | 
        
        
          | Structure of chromatin in interphase nucleus
 | 
          Finely granular  chromatin evenly distributed throughout nucleus | 
          Coarse granular chromatin unevenly distribution throughout nucleus
 | 
        
        
          | Chromatin content of
interphase nucleus 
 | 
          Normal amount of chromatin  for diploid cells evenly distributed in all cells.  | 
          Chromatin often increased but the amount and distribution of chromatin varies from one nucleus to another due to abnormal cell division. | 
        
        
          | Hyperchromasia | 
          Rarely seen, if present reflects regenerative change  | 
          Common reflecting increased chromatin content or rapid cell turnover or both | 
        
        
          | Multinucleation  | 
          Not normally found. If present nuclei are of even size  | 
          Not uncommon. Nuclei vary is size and shape | 
        
        
          | Nucleoli | 
          Small , even size , few in number | 
          Large,irregular  variable in size  and shape and in number  | 
        
        
          | Cohesiveness | 
          Well formed cell junctions | 
          Loss of cohesiveness | 
        
        
          | Mitoses | 
          Occasionally  seen  in basal layer of epithelium | 
          Abnormal mitoses frequently found
throughout  epithelium |